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The conventional methods used for the diagnostics of viral infection are either expensive and time-consuming or not accurate enough and dependent on consumable reagents. In the presence of pandemics, a fast and reagent-free solution is needed for mass screening. Recently, the diagnosis of viral infections using infrared spectroscopy has been reported as a fast and low-cost method. In this work a fast and low-cost solution for corona viral detection using infrared spectroscopy based on a compact micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) device and artificial intelligence (AI) suitable for mass deployment is presented. Among the different variants of the corona virus that can infect people, 229E is used in this study due to its low pathogeny. The MEMS ATR-FTIR device employs a 6 reflections ZnSe crystal interface working in the spectral range of 2200-7000 cm-1. The virus was propagated and maintained in a medium for long enough time then cell supernatant was collected and centrifuged. The supernatant was then transferred and titrated using plaque titration assay. Positive virus samples were prepared with a concentration of 105 PFU/mL. Positive and negative control samples were applied on the crystal surface, dried using a heating lamp and the spectrum was captured. Principal component analysis and logistic regression were used as simple AI techniques. A sensitivity of about 90 % and a specificity of about 80 % were obtained demonstrating the potential detection of the virus based on the MEMS FTIR device. © 2023 SPIE.
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The continuous increase in COVID-19 positive cases in the Philippines might further weaken the local healthcare system. As such, an efficient system must be implemented to further improve the immunization efforts of the country. In this paper, a contactless digital electronic device is proposed to assess the vaccine and booster brand compatibility. Using Logisim 2.7.1, the logic diagrams were designed and simulated with the help of truth tables and Boolean functions. Moreover, the finalized logic circuit design was converted into its equivalent complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) and stick diagrams to help contextualize how the integrated circuits will be designed. Results have shown that the proposed device was able to accept three inputs of the top three COVID-19 vaccine brands (Sinovac, AstraZeneca, and Pfizer) and assess the compatibility of heterologous vaccinations. With the successful results of the circuit, it can be concluded that this low-power device can be used to manufacture a physical prototype for use in booster vaccination sites. © 2022 IEEE.
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Advances in tissue engineering, microfabrication, and biocompatible microfluidic chambers alongside the governmental (2) and regulatory (3) appetite to seek animal-free innovations in the drug development process has fuelled further interest and investment in this marketplace. According to market research, the global O°C market is forecast to be worth US$388 million (€354 million) by 2028 increasing from US$82 million (€75 million) in 2023, with a compound average growth of 36.4% from 2023 to 2028 (4). In March 2022, Lyon-based NETRI, attracted €8 million series A funding to help develop its novel high throughput (HT) compartmentalized microfluidic brain-on-a-chip and skin-on-a-chip technology for use by the pharma and cosmetic industry (15). Global Organ-onChip Market Size, Share, Trends, COVID-19 Impact and Growth Analysis ReportSegmented by Type (Heart-on-chip, Humanon-chip, Intestine-on-chip, Kidney-on-chip, Liver-on-chip and Lung-on-chip), Application and Region (North America, Europe, AsiaPacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa)-Industry Forecast from 2023 to 2028.
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The present pandemic has highlighted the necessity of infection protection gear as a crucial protective approach, particularly given the fact that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) readily infects individuals in poorly ventilated environments. Embedding antimicrobial function onto protection gear would have major implications in minimizing pathogen contamination and lowering healthcare associated illness. In this study, non woven polypropylene fabric (NWPP) which is widely used in personal hygiene products and hospital protective gears has been subjected to surface fictionalization with corona treatment. Surface polarity of the treated fabric was studied by use of dyne liquid which showed generation of surface polarization. Subsequently, the resultant surface polarized NWPP were spray coated with zinc oxide (ZnO) antiviral agent. The antiviral agents were rendered to adhere to NWPP by use of polyurethane solution coating on the fabric. The effect of antiviral coatings on NWPP fabric with the use of polyurethane solution as an adhesive were investigated in terms of antiviral activity and anti-bacterial activity against MS2 bacteriophage and Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia bacteria respectively. Coating of surface polarized NWPP with polyurethene binder reduced the leaching of antiviral coating. More importantly, the fabrics exhibited promising antiviral and anti bacterial activity with 99.90 % reduction in microorganisms after 24 hours of exposure. © 2022 IEEE.
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The COVID-19 pandemic exposed the vulnerability of global supply chains of many products. One area that requires improved supply chain resilience and that is of particular importance to electronic designers is the shortage of basic dual in-line package (DIP) electronic components commonly used for prototyping. This anecdotal observation was investigated as a case study of using additive manufacturing to enforce contact between premade, off-the-shelf conductors to allow for electrical continuity between two arbitrary points by examining data relating to the stock quantity of electronic components, extracted from Digi-Key Electronics. This study applies this concept using an open hardware approach for the design, testing, and use of a simple, parametric, 3-D printable invention that allows for small outline integrated circuit (SOIC) components to be used in DIP package circuits (i.e., breadboards, protoboards, etc.). The additive manufacture breakout board (AMBB) design was developed using two different open-source modelers, OpenSCAD and FreeCAD, to provide reliable and consistent electrical contact between the component and the rest of the circuit and was demonstrated with reusable 8-SOIC to DIP breakout adapters. The three-part design was optimized for manufacturing with RepRap-class fused filament 3-D printers, making the AMBB a prime candidate for use in distributed manufacturing models. The AMBB offers increased flexibility during circuit prototyping by allowing arbitrary connections between the component and prototyping interface as well as superior organization through the ability to color-code different component types. The cost of the AMBB is CAD $0.066/unit, which is a 94% saving compared to conventional PCB-based breakout boards. Use of the AMBB device can provide electronics designers with an increased selection of components for through-hole use by more than a factor of seven. Future development of AMBB devices to allow for low-cost conversion between arbitrary package types provides a path towards more accessible and inclusive electronics design as well as faster prototyping and technical innovation.
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As the global spread of COVID-19 becomes a rapidly evolving crisis, the development of contactless shared interactive displays is an urgent issue to reduce the risk of viral and bacterial cross contamination due to the use of touch-operated shared user terminals. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a contactless user terminal fabricated with a monolithic GaN Optoelectronic system (MGOS), which integrates the transmitter and receiver into a single chip. The inherent spectral emission-responsiveness overlap of GaN QW diodes gives the device a unique ability to detect light transmitted by diodes that share the same QW structure. When the GaN transmitter emits light to illuminate an external object, the integrated GaN receiver can detect the reflected light encoding the information and convert the optical signal into an electrical signal, so that the non-contact user terminal has the ability to use light for bidirectional data communication. Compared to traditional handwriting systems, these terminals operate as contactless information entry devices that can help reduce potential cross-contamination due to contact with handwriting terminals, provide precautions to keep the environment clean, and help prevent virus transmission. © 2023 IEEE.
ABSTRACT
Mg-Zn co-dopedGaN powders via the nitridation of a Ga-Mg-Zn metallic solution at 1000 °C for 2 h in ammonia flow were obtained. XRD patterns for the Mg-Zn co-dopedGaN powders showed a crystal size average of 46.88 nm. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs had an irregular shape, with a ribbon-like structure and a length of 8.63 µm. Energy-dispersive spectroscopy showed the incorporation of Zn (Lα 1.012 eV) and Mg (Kα 1.253 eV), while XPS measurements showed the elemental contributions of magnesium and zinc as co-dopant elements quantified in 49.31 eV and 1019.49 eV, respectively. The photoluminescence spectrum showed a fundamental emission located at 3.40 eV(364.70 nm), which was related to band-to-band transition, besides a second emission found in a range from 2.80 eV to 2.90 eV (442.85-427.58 nm), which was related to a characteristic of Mg-doped GaN and Zn-doped GaN powders. Furthermore, Raman scattering demonstrated a shoulder at 648.05 cm-1, which could indicate the incorporation of the Mg and Zn co-dopants atoms into the GaN structure. It is expected that one of the main applications of Mg-Zn co-doped GaN powders is in obtaining thin films for SARS-CoV-2 biosensors.
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PurposeIn this paper, the authors introduce supply disruption ambiguity as the inability of a sourcing firm to attach probability point estimates to the occurrence of and to the magnitude of loss from supply disruptions. The authors drew on the "ambiguity in decision-making” literature to define this concept formally, connected it to relevant supply disruption information deficit, positioned it relative to supply chain risk assessment and hypothesized and tested its negative associations with both supply base ties and inventory turnover.Design/methodology/approachThe authors analysed survey data from 171 North American manufacturers and archival data for a subset (88 publicly listed) of these manufacturers via Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) estimation after ensuring that methodological concerns with survey research have been addressed. They used appropriate controls and employed the heteroskedasticity-based instrumental variable (HBIV) approach to ensure that inferences from our results are not unduly influenced by endogeneity.FindingsStrong supply base ties decrease supply disruption ambiguity, which, in turn, increases inventory turnover. Moreover, strong supply base ties and data integration with the supply base have indirect and positive effects on inventory turnover. As sourcing firms strengthen ties and integrate data exchange with their supply base, their inventory turnover improves from access to information relevant to detect and diagnose supply disruptions effectively.Originality/valueResearch on supply disruption management has paid more attention to the "disruption recovery” stage than to the "disruption discovery” stage. In this paper, the authors add novel insights regarding the recognition and diagnosis aspects of the "disruption discovery” stage. These novel insights reveal how and why sourcing firms reduce their overall ambiguity associated with detecting and assessing losses from supply disruptions through establishing strong ties with their supply base and how and why reducing such ambiguity improves inventory turnover performance.
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PurposeThis paper aims to identify and assess global risks in the supply chain performance.Design/methodology/approachFirst, global risks are identified and classified according to three criteria: content, probability and context. A set of supply chain performance indicators are then defined by the theory of resource-based view and balanced scorecard. Structural equation modeling is adopted to access risks in the global supply chain.FindingsThis article contributes to the supply chain risk management literature by providing a detailed operationalization of global supply chain risk constructs, e.g. natural disasters, war and terrorism, fire accidents, economic and political instability, social and cultural grievances, decease. Empirical results reveal that the supply chain is predominantly regarded as being vulnerable as the proposed model of risks can explain up to 12.6% variance of supplier performance, 25.2% innovation and learning, 23% internal business, 40.6% customer service and 32.4% finance.Research limitations/implicationsThese risks are relevant contextual variables in strategic supply chain decisions. Supply chain managers should keep in mind acceptable cost/benefit tradeoffs in their firms' mitigation efforts associated with major contingency risks. This research advocates the allocation of scarce resources to adopt the supply chain strategies of avoidance, speculative and postponement.Originality/valueThe application of the strategic content/process/context to explain global supply chain performance is an interesting approach. Moreover, globalization trends and the COVID-19 perspectives are considered to be the main reasons for increasing such complex factors. Data on validating research models collected during the COVID-19 pandemic reflect the topicality of this study.
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AlGaN-based deep-ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (DUV LEDs) are widely used in sterilization, sensing, water purification, medical treatment, non-line of sight (NLOS) communication and many other fields. Especially it has been reported that the global novel coronavirus (COVID-19) can be effectively inactivated by the DUV light with a wavelength below 280 nm (UVC) within a few seconds, which has also attracted great attention. However, the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of UVC LED is still at a low level, generally not more than 10%. As an important component of EQE, internal quantum efficiency (IQE) plays a crucial role in realizing high-performance DUV-LED. In order to improve the IQE of AlGaN-based DUV-LED, this work adopts an electron blocking layer (EBL) structure based on InAlGaN/AlGaN superlattice. The results show that the superlattice EBL structure can effectively improve the IQE compared with the traditional single-layer and double-layer EBL structure for the DUV-LED. On this basis, the optimization method based on JAYA intelligent algorithm for LED structure design is proposed in this work. Using the proposed design method, the InAlGaN/AlGaN superlattice EBL structure is further optimized to maximize the LED' s IQE. It is demonstrated that the optimized superlattice EBL structure is beneficial to not only the suppression of electron leakage but also the improvement of hole injection, leading to the increase of carrier recombination in the active region. As a result, the IQE of the DUV-LED at 200 mA injection current is 41.2% higher than that of the single-layer EBL structure. In addition, the optimized structure reduces IQE at high current from 25% to 4%. The optimization method based on intelligent algorithm can break through the limitation of the current LED structure design and provide a new method to improve the efficiency of AlGaN-based DUV-LED. © 2023 Chinese Physical Society.
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Faced with COVID-19 and the trend of aging, it is demanding to develop an online health metrics sensing solution for sustainable healthcare. An edge radio platform owning the function of integrated sensing and communications is promising to address the challenge. Radar demonstrates the capability for noncontact healthcare with high sensitivity and excellent privacy protection. Beyond conventional radar, this article presents a unique silicon-based radio platform for health status monitoring supported by coherent frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar at Ku-band and communication chip. The radar chip is fabricated by a 65-nm complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) process and demonstrates a 1.5-GHz chirp bandwidth with a 15-GHz center frequency in 220-mW power consumption. A specific small-volume antenna with modified Vivaldi architecture is utilized for emitting and receiving radar beams. Biomedical experiments were implemented based on the radio platform cooperating with the antenna and system-on-chip (SoC) field-programmable gate array (FPGA) edge unit. An industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM)-band frequency-shift keying (FSK) communication chip in 915-MHz center frequency with microwatt-level power consumption is used to attain communications on radar-detected health information. Through unified integration of radar chip, management software, and communication unit, the integrated radio platform featuring −72-dBm sensitivity with a 500-kb/s FSK data rate is exploited to drastically empower sustainable healthcare applications.
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In this study, we theoretically propose a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor composed of a plasmonic gold film, double negative (DNG) metamaterial, graphene-MoS2-COOH Van der Waals heterostructures and gold nanoparticles (Au NPs). We use a novel scheme of Goos-Hanchen (GH) shift to study the biosensing performances of our proposed plasmonic biosensor. The calculation results show that, both an extreme low reflectivity of 8.52×10-10 and significantly enhanced GH sensitivity of 2.1530×107 μm/RIU can be obtained, corresponding to the optimal configuration: 32 nm Au film/120 nm metamaterial/4-layer graphene/4-layer MoS2-COOH. In addition, there is a theoretically excellent linear response between the concentration of target analytes (SARS-CoV-2 and S protein) and the change in differential GH shift. Our proposed biosensor promises to be a useful tool for performing the novel coronavirus detection. © 2023 SPIE.
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As a common antioxidant and antimicrobial agent in plants, luteolin has a variety of pharmacological activities and biological effects, the ability to specifically bind proteins and thus inhibit novel coronaviruses and treat asthma. Here, Co doped nitrogen-containing carbon frameworks/MoS2−MWCNTs (Co@NCF/MoS2−MWCNTs) nanocomposites have been synthesized and successfully applied to electrochemical sensors. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to examine the morphology and structure of the samples. Meanwhile, the electrochemical behavior of Co@NCF/MoS2−MWCNTs was investigated. Due to its excellent electrical conductivity, electrocatalytic activity and adsorption, it is used for the detection of luteolin. The Co@NCF/MoS2−MWCNTs/GCE sensor can detect luteolin in a linear range from 0.1 nM to 1.3 μM with a limit of detection of 0.071 nM. Satisfactory results were obtained for the detection of luteolin in natural samples. In addition, the redox mechanism and electrochemical reaction sites of luteolin were investigated by the scan rate of CV curves and density functional theory. This work demonstrates for the first time the combination of ZIF-67-derived Co@NCF and MoS2−MWCNTs as electrochemical sensors for the detection of luteolin, which opens a new window for the sensitive detection of luteolin. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd
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Due to the high incidence of kidney disease, there is an urgent need to develop wearable artificial kidneys. This need is further exacerbated by the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. However, the dialysate regeneration system of the wearable artificial kidney has a low adsorption capacity for urea, which severely limits its application. Therefore, nanomaterials that can effectively remove uremic toxins, especially urea, to regenerate dialysate are required and should be further investigated and developed. Herein, flower-like molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) nanosheets decorated with highly dispersed cerium oxide (CeO2) were prepared (MoS2/CeO2), and their adsorption performances for urea, creatinine, and uric acid were studied in detail. Due to the open interlayer structures and the combination of MoS2 and CeO2, which can provide abundant adsorption active sites, the MoS2/CeO2 nanomaterials present excellent uremic toxin adsorption activities. Further, uremic toxin adsorption capacities were also assessed using a self-made fixed bed device under dynamic conditions, with the aim of developing MoS2/CeO2 for the practical adsorption of uremic toxins. In addition, the biocompatibility of MoS2/CeO2 was systematically analyzed using hemocompatibility and cytotoxicity assays. Our data suggest that MoS2/CeO2 can be safely used for applications requiring close contact with blood. Our findings confirm that novel 2-dimensional nanomaterial adsorbents have significant potential for dialysis fluid regeneration. © 2022
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In the CMOS fabrication course described herein, the lecture component provides the theoretical background for semiconductor materials and integrated circuit fabrication processes. The laboratory component provides the hands-on experience required to fabricate and electrically characterize CMOS circuits in a one-semester format. A strong semiconductor device process design thread is achieved in the course by integrating the laboratory experience and process simulation/modeling and theoretical calculations. The risks associated with the COVID-19 pandemic have forced significant course modifications. The lecture is switched to a remote learning format, including pre-recorded content and weekly advanced Q&A sessions. The laboratory provides both in-person and remote sessions. Approved social distancing and cleaning protocols are practiced in the facility for in-person learning. Complementary remote learning resources are made available to all the students such as pre-recorded laboratory instructions, live video-based laboratory sessions, and web-based supplementary information. Compared to pre-pandemic semesters, the average students' GPA of the pandemic period has increased, attributed to larger and archived volumes of instructional material. Overall student comments related to course changes necessitated by the pandemic are mixed with both positive and negative feedback.
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Study after study in The BMJ and other major journals has indicated the effectiveness of this vaccine technology (doi:10.1136/bmj.o2865 doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-073070 doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-072065).567 Now, a new study in The BMJ shows that maternal mRNA covid-19 vaccination during pregnancy protects infants against SARS-CoV-2 infection and hospital admission (doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-074035).8 It is perfectly reasonable to hold an evidence informed view that mRNA vaccines are effective against SARS-CoV-2 and should be widely administered while demanding full disclosure of the safety data (doi:10.1136/bmj.o102).9 As this study of vaccination in pregnancy highlights, there are also other nuances that must be considered before research evidence becomes policy, such as timing of treatment (doi:10.1136/bmj.p241).10 Vaccine manufacturers' next goal is to develop mRNA vaccines to prevent cancer, one of the original ambitions for this breakthrough science (doi:10.1136/bmj.o3041).1 Research is already advanced, although a reasoned debate on the wider application of mRNA vaccines seems unlikely. The political or commercial control of public interest data is an undesirable endpoint worthy of Warneresque levels of plain speaking condemnation. 1 Baraniuk C. When will the world get cancer vaccines? BMJ 2023;380: o3041. 10.1136/bmj.o3041 36609365 2 McEvoy J. Microchips, magnets and shedding: here are 5 (debunked) covid vaccine conspiracy theories spreading online. Vaccine effectiveness of primary series and booster doses against covid-19 associated hospital admissions in the United States: living test negative design study.
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Non-metallic materials have emerged as a new family of active substrates for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), with unique advantages over their metal counterparts. However, owing to their inefficient interaction with the incident wavelength, the Raman enhancement achieved with non-metallic materials is considerably lower with respect to the metallic ones. Herein, we propose colourful semiconductor-based SERS substrates for the first time by utilizing a Fabry-Pérot cavity, which realize a large freedom in manipulating light. Owing to the delicate adjustment of the absorption in terms of both frequency and intensity, resonant absorption can be achieved with a variety of non-metal SERS substrates, with the sensitivity further enhanced by ≈100â times. As a typical example, by introducing a Fabry-Pérot-type substrate fabricated with SiO2 /Si, a rather low detection limit of 10-16 â M for the SARS-CoV-2S protein is achieved on SnS2 . This study provides a realistic strategy for increasing SERS sensitivity when semiconductors are employed as SERS substrates.
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Epitaxy has remained a crucial step in MtM applications such as Power GaN, Power SiC, MicroLED and VCSELs. With COVID-19 accelerating the technological curve for these applications, the capital investment in the epitaxy equipment space is booming. In addition, the dynamic geo-political situation has added an additional level of demand for epitaxy equipment as device manufacturers in China are spending on equipment at record levels. In this paper, we aim to provide an overview of the status and market forecast for the epitaxy equipment (MOCVD, HTCVD and MBE) in MtM space, along with a brief outlook on the role of China in the equipment demand and how it is shaping the competitive landscape of epitaxy equipment vendors. © 2022 MANTECH 2022. All rights reserved.
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In the aftermath of the 20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Xi Jinping’s principal focus will be on state and national security, while an entirely new economic- and financial-policy team, with little experience, will take charge of China’s troubled economy. Its members will have to manage several systemic problems – a debt mountain, a property bust, a rapidly ageing population, zero-COVID policies – and develop a viable new economic-development model. This would be a demanding agenda anywhere, but Xi’s China has to tackle it guided by an ever more devoutly Leninist approach to economic management, industrial policy and governance, at a time when China faces the most hostile external environment it has known since Mao Zedong, as exemplified by foreign decoupling. Although Xi’s China is capable of important accomplishments in science and technology, and of flexing its diplomatic and military muscles in defence of its interests, China’s politics may be much less capable of fixing the country’s systemic economic and financial weaknesses. The consequences of Xi Jinping’s economic programme, including an emphasis on self-reliance, promise to extend beyond China’s borders to foreign actors and countries that once benefited from its economic rise.
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Despite longstanding opposition from mainstream economists to industrial policy, in the period of 2020–2021 the United States, confronted by advanced technology competition from China, the demands of climate change, and the need to respond to a global pandemic, adopted a series of major industrial policy programs. Although the U.S. Defense Department has long practiced industrial policy approaches, and the U.S. has followed industrial economic policies in its agriculture, transportation, electric power and healthcare sectors, the new programs focused on promoting technology innovation, so can be labled “industrial innovation policy.” The large scale of these efforts amounted to a new step for the U.S. in non-defense sectors. There is history behind this step. Contrasting Hamiltonian and Jacksonian economic views anticipated this industrial policy debate. While during World War II the U.S. entered into a highly connected set of industrial innovation policies, linking industry, universities and government for technologies like radar, electronics and nuclear energy, it departed from this approach in the immediate postwar. Vannevar Bush, the architect of postwar science organization, backed a linear model, combining federal support for basic research with a supposition that industry would manage the subsequent technology implementation. This position came under fire in the 1980s from critics like Donald Stokes as U.S. manufacturing declined with the rise of Japan’s quality manufacturing model, which was backed by government industrial coordination and support. Gradually, the U.S. began retreating from a basic research-only approach in non-defense areas through a series of policies. These included, in the 1980s a response to Japan’s quality manufacturing model, then starting in the 2000s a response to climate change through a reorganization of energy programs, and then after 2012 in response to China’s manufacturing advances the adoption of advanced manufacturing policies. Although the definition of industrial policy is debated, with some arguing it should serve social needs versus specific technology advances, this study adopts a more straightforward definition. Industrial innovation policy involves governmental intervention in one or more of the post-research innovation stages, from development to prototyping to production, to further technology innovation. The study reviews in detail six major examples of new U.S. industrial innovation policies adopted between 2020 and 2022: Operation Warp Speed for coronavirus pandemic vaccines;the CHIPS Act to restore U.S. semiconductor leadership;the Infrastructure Act of 2021, with its major support for new energy technology development;the Inflation Reduction Act, with its impetus for implementation of new energy technologies;the Biden Administration’s Assuring Domestic Supply Chains initiative, and the Endless Frontier/CHIPS and Science Act, with its support for applied development of critical technologies and regional innovation. All adopt an industrial innovation policy approach. These take different approaches. Operation Warp Speed, for example was more “top down,” with government selecting then supporting a series of companies to develop four different vaccine platforms. Tesla was an example of a “bottom up” approach, with government creating a range of technology incentives which companies – in this case Tesla – could systematically apply to electric vehicle development. However, there remain major gaps in U.S. industrial innovation efforts in scale-up financing, advanced manufacturing support and cross-agency coordination. The scale of China’s extensive industrial financing policies offers a useful comparison to U.S. scale up efforts. Overall, the study reviews in detail the need for the U.S. to adopt a new kind of infrastructure and accompanying operational mechanisms in order to make its new industrial innovation policies work. These include: rebuilding manufacturing foundations;testing and demonstration capability;mapping supply chains technology certification;better integration between industries, universities and government;technology scale up support;application of government procurement;and use of flexible contracting mechanisms.